Federal E-Bike Definition

The US Consumer Product Safety Commission sets the baseline rules that all states follow. A low-speed electric bicycle must have:

• Functional pedals that allow the bike to be propelled by human power alone
• Electric motor under 750W (about 1 horsepower)
• Motor assistance limited to 20 mph when using motor power alone
• Maximum weight under 100 pounds (rarely an issue for conversion kits)

These federal rules ensure e-bikes remain bicycles under federal law, not motor vehicles requiring licenses, registration, or insurance.

Three-Class System Details

Most states have adopted the three-class system, but implementation varies:

Class 1: Pedal-Assist Only

• Motor operation: Only assists when you pedal
• Speed limit: Assistance stops at 20 mph
• Throttle: Not allowed (pedal-assist only)
• Access: Generally allowed on bike paths, trails, and roads
• Typical use: Trail riding, casual commuting, fitness

Class 2: Throttle + Pedal-Assist

• Motor operation: Can run without pedaling (throttle) OR with pedaling (assist)
• Speed limit: Both throttle and assist stop at 20 mph
• Throttle: Allowed for full motor power without pedaling
• Access: Same as Class 1 in most areas
• Typical use: Urban commuting, cargo hauling, accessibility needs

Class 3: Speed Pedelec

• Motor operation: Pedal-assist only (no throttle)
• Speed limit: Assistance continues up to 28 mph
• Equipment: Must include speedometer
• Access: Often restricted from bike paths; mainly road use
• Typical use: Fast commuting, longer distances

State-by-State Variations

While most states use the three-class system, important details differ:

Common Variations

• Helmet requirements: Some states require helmets for Class 3; others for all e-bikes
• Age restrictions: Minimum age limits vary (typically 14-16 for Class 3)
• Trail access: Many restrict Class 3 from multi-use paths and trails
• Registration: Most states don't require registration, but a few do
• Insurance: Generally not required, but check local laws

Examples of State Differences

• California: Helmets required under 18; Class 3 restricted from bike paths
• New York: All classes allowed; helmet requirements vary by age and location
• Florida: No helmet requirement; broader trail access
• Texas: Local municipalities can set additional restrictions

Choosing Your Class

Your intended use should guide your class selection:

Choose Class 1 If:

• You primarily ride on trails or bike paths
• You prefer natural pedal-assist feel
• You want maximum access to cycling infrastructure
• You don't need throttle assistance

Choose Class 2 If:

• You want throttle option for hills or starting from stops
• You carry cargo or have mobility limitations
• You commute in stop-and-go traffic
• You want versatility for different riding situations

Choose Class 3 If:

• You commute longer distances on roads
• You want to keep up with traffic (25+ mph)
• You don't need trail access
• You're comfortable with potential helmet requirements

Kit Selection for Compliance

Class 1 Kits

• Mid-drive motors (no throttle capability)
• Hub motors without throttle
• Torque or cadence sensors only
• Controller limited to 20 mph cutoff

Class 2 Kits

• Hub motors with throttle option
• Mid-drive systems with throttle add-on
• Both throttle and pedal-assist modes
• 20 mph speed limitation on both modes

Class 3 Kits

• Pedal-assist only (no throttle)
• Speed controller allowing 28 mph assist
• Must include speedometer/display
• Often requires more powerful motor (500-750W)

Legal Compliance Tips

During Conversion

• Keep documentation of kit specifications
• Ensure speed limitations match your chosen class
• Install required equipment (speedometer for Class 3)
• Verify total system power stays under 750W

After Conversion

• Follow local helmet and age requirements
• Respect trail and path access rules
• Ride responsibly to maintain e-bike acceptance
• Carry ID and be prepared to explain your e-bike's class if questioned

Future Legal Considerations

E-bike laws continue evolving as adoption grows. Stay informed about:

• Local trail access changes
• New state legislation
• Federal regulation updates
• Insurance and liability developments

Try This

Research your specific state and local laws before finalizing your kit choice. Take notes on helmet requirements, age restrictions, and where each class is allowed to ride. This ensures your conversion meets all legal requirements.